The Literally Broken Hearts of Divorce
In DepthScientifically, relationships have been shown to affect everything from your cardiovascular health to your mental well-being; anecdotally, it can mess with everything from your brand of toothpaste to control of your DVR. So it should come as no surprise that marriage, divorce, and widowhood come with their own health-related complications.
Researchers are still trying to establish the why and how of it, but several studies have shown that your so-called “marital biography” may be critical your overall health (including singledom — that’s right, no one escapes unscathed). A new study in Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes throws another health impact into the marital mix: risk of heart attack (or acute myocardial infarction — MI). Researchers found that divorced men and women both had significantly higher risks of heart attack than their continuously married (neither divorced nor widowed) peers. Drawing on data collected over nearly two decades in the ongoing Health and Retirement Study, researchers were able to investigate the cumulative health effects of marriage and divorce. All told, the study included interviews with almost 16,000 married, widowed, and divorced participants aged 45 to 80. Between 1992 and 2010, each participant was interviewed six times on a wide range of topics.
The results indicate that a history of divorce impacts the risk of heart attack, with effects varying by gender. Women who had divorced at least once were 24% more likely to experience an MI than those who had been continuously married; those divorced two or more times saw their risk increase to 77%. To put this in perspective, the latter number is comparable to risk associated with established factors like high blood pressure and diabetes. Men, on the other hand, only saw an escalated risk when divorced two or more times (increased to 30%).
These divorce-associated differences held even after researchers corrected for relevant demographic and physiological/health factors. Next to marital history, socioeconomic issues like employment history and status had the greatest further influence on men’s risks of AMI. For women, depressive symptoms were the primary additional contributing factor.
While many studies look only at the short term effects of divorce, researchers here were able to investigate the effects of remarriage as well. The gender difference stuck. Divorced men who remarried saw their risk of heart attack return to the level of their continuously married brethren — essentially, any MI related effects of divorce disappeared when a man once again found wedded bliss. Divorced women, on the other hand, retained their increased risk of heart attack even if they remarried. Hypotheses for this gender difference abound — one of the most popular/tiresome/ possibly true theory is that men are lazy and will only engage in healthy behaviors when they have a wife to make them do so — but this study can only tell us that a difference exists, not why it happens.