Some Context For the Shooting in Charleston
In DepthThough Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church will be likely summed up in the news over the next couple of weeks as a “black church,” perhaps a “historic black church” if people are feeling generous, the church’s two-plus centuries as a site of unwavering community resistance to state-sponsored racism give it a legacy whose magnitude that we—if we are outsiders—can barely understand.
Jamelle Bouie writes at Slate about the origin of Emanuel A.M.E., known to its congregants as Mother Emanuel:
Emanuel AME isn’t just a church; it’s the oldest black congregation in the South (outside of Baltimore) and a historic symbol of black resistance to slavery and racism. Its founder, Morris Brown, was one of the first ordained pastors of the AME denomination, founded in 1816 in Philadelphia. Upon his return to Charleston, he started a branch that quickly changed the social and religious landscape of the city. Within two years, more than three-quarters of black Methodists in the city—more than 4,000 people—had left their segregated denominations to join the AME church.
With a quickly growing population, the church became a site for anti-slavery community organization in the early 19th century. An early member named Denmark Vesey, a free black carpenter, helped foment a slave rebellion—whose plans were rooted out, Vesey executed, his sons deported. From the Washington Post:
He fiercely and insistently preached that African Americans were the new Israelites, that their enslavement would be punished with death, and in 1822 he and other leaders began plotting a rebellion.
The revolt was planned for June 16 — 193 years and one day before the shooting Wednesday night. But another member of the church, a slave named George Wilson, told his master about the plot. Nearly three dozen organizers — including Vesey — were put on trial and executed, while another 60 were banished from the city. Believing that “black religion” had caused the uprising, South Carolina instituted a series of draconian measures against African American churches and communities, including a ban on services conducted without a white person present. The Charleston A.M.E. congregation was dispersed and their building set ablaze.
There’s more about Vesey’s attempted rebellion in this C-SPAN video from 2011.
After the church building was burned down, church members reorganized in secret. They started meeting at a building near Fort Sumter—the site of the beginning of the Civil War, the place where South Carolina earned the embarrassing honor of being the first state to fly the Confederate flag on rebel-captured territory—in a church that one of Vesey’s sons had designed. There, they took the name Emanuel. The building was destroyed in an 1886 earthquake, and replaced with the building that stands today.